Enhancement of Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy by GPR143, an L-Dopa Receptor, in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons.

Dopamine neurons play crucial roles in pleasure, reward, memory, learning, and fine motor skills and their dysfunction is associated with various neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine receptors are the main target of treatment for neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Antipsychotics that antagonize the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) are used to alleviate the symptoms of these disorders but may also sometimes cause disabling side effects such as parkinsonism (catalepsy in rodents). Here we show that GPR143, a G-protein-coupled receptor for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), expressed in striatal cholinergic interneurons enhances the DRD2-mediated side effects of haloperidol, an antipsychotic agent. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy was attenuated in male Gpr143 gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y ) mice compared with wild-type (Wt) mice. Reducing the endogenous release of L-DOPA and preventing interactions between GPR143 and DRD2 suppressed the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Wt mice but not Gpr143-/y mice. The phenotypic defect in Gpr143-/y mice was mimicked in cholinergic interneuron-specific Gpr143-/y (Chat-cre;Gpr143flox/y ) mice. Administration of haloperidol increased the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 at Ser240/244 in the dorsolateral striatum of Wt mice but not Chat-cre;Gpr143flox/y mice. In Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing DRD2, co-expression of GPR143 increased cell surface expression level of DRD2, and L-DOPA application further enhanced the DRD2 surface expression. Shorter pauses in cholinergic interneuron firing activity were observed after intrastriatal stimulation in striatal slice preparations from Chat-cre;Gpr143flox/y mice compared with those from Wt mice. Together, these findings provide evidence that GPR143 regulates DRD2 function in cholinergic interneurons and may be involved in parkinsonism induced by antipsychotic drugs.

Involvement of the L-DOPA receptor GPR143 in acute and chronic actions of methylphenidate.

Methylphenidate (MPH) and methamphetamine (METH) are the current treatments of choice for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We previously reported that METH induces the release of dopamine (DA) and of the neurotransmitter candidate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). In contrast, we here found that MPH increased the DA release while it did not affect the L-DOPA release from the dorsolateral striatum. Nevertheless, MPH-induced hyperlocomotion was reduced in Gpr143 (L-DOPA receptor) gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y) mice. The rewarding effect and increased c-fos expression induced by MPH were also attenuated in Gpr143-/y mice. Together, these findings suggest that GPR143 is involved in the acute and chronic actions of MPH.

Coupling between GPR143 and dopamine D2 receptor is required for selective potentiation of dopamine D2 receptor function by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the dorsal striatum.

Dopamine (DA) is involved in neurological and physiological functions such as motor control. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of DA, is conventionally believed to be an inert amino acid precursor of DA, and its major therapeutic effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) are mediated through its conversion to DA. On the contrary, accumulating evidence suggests that L-DOPA itself is a neurotransmitter. We here show that L-DOPA potentiates DA D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling through GPR143, the gene product of X-linked ocular albinism 1, a G-protein-coupled receptor for L-DOPA. In Gpr143-gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y ) mice, quinpirole, a DRD2/DRD3 agonist, -induced hypolocomotion was attenuated compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Administration of non-effective dose of L-DOPA methyl ester augmented the quinpirole-induced hypolocomotion in WT mice but not in Gpr143-/y mice. In cells co-expressing GPR143 and DRD2, L-DOPA enhanced the interaction between GPR143 and DRD2 and augmented quinpirole-induced decrease in cAMP levels. This augmentation by L-DOPA was not observed in cells co-expressing GPR143 and DRD1 or DRD3. Chimeric analysis in which the domain of GPR143 was replaced with GPR37 revealed that GPR143 interacted with DRD2 at the fifth transmembrane domain. Intracerebroventricular administration of a peptide that disrupted the interaction mitigated quinpirole-induced behavioral changes in WT mice but not in Gpr143-/y mice. These findings provide evidence that coupling between GPR143 and DRD2 is required for selective DRD2 modulation by L-DOPA in the dorsal striatum.

Genetic associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the l-DOPA receptor (GPR143) gene with severity of nicotine dependence in Japanese individuals, and attenuation of nicotine reinforcement in Gpr143 gene-deficient mice.

l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is a candidate neurotransmitter. l-DOPA is released by nicotine through nicotinic receptors. Recently, G-protein coupled receptor GPR143, was identified as a receptor for l-DOPA. In this study, genetic association studies between GPR143 genetic polymorphisms and smoking behaviors revealed that the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs6640499, in the GPR143 gene, was associated with traits of smoking behaviors in Japanese individuals. In Gpr143 gene-deficient mice, nicotine-induced hypolocomotion and rewarding effect were attenuated compared to those in wild-type mice. Our findings suggest the involvement of GPR143 in the smoking behaviors.